2009/01/30
英検合格王ー英検3級へステップーアンドージャンプ！
皆さんが英語を自由自在に使えるようになるまで、私棚橋と一緒に楽しく勉強して、英語力アップ！
最初に大切な勉強方法を守りましょう。
１．最初に正しい発音を覚える。又、リズム、イントネーションも大切。
２．英語を朗読して、ノートに書く習慣をつける。
３．英語の辞書は、出来れば最初から、英和辞典と英英辞典を併用。
４．毎日少しの時間でも英語に触れる事。
以上を守って、当バイリングアルの英検合格王で勉強すれば、必ず貴女も貴方も”バイリングアル”になれる。
Ｓｔｅｐ-8：仮定法
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仮定法とは：ある事を仮定（想像）の事として、使うときの動詞の形を仮定法と
~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
言います。
仮定法には、現在、過去、過去完了の3つの時制があります。普通は、if の文章が
~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~
使われます。例えば；
If I were a bird, I could fly as freely as a bird!
但し、 if が使われなくとも、良い場合も多々あります。例えば；
I wish I were taller. ( but, I cannot be taller as a fact.)
I wish I hadn't eaten so much.
現在形： 過去形：
~~~~~~ ~~~~~~
I hope (that) I will /shall succeed. I hoped (that) I would/ should succeed.
I hope (that) he will be in time. I hoped (that) he would / should succeed.
I expect (that) he will arrive on time. I expected (that) he would / should be late.
完了形：
~~~~~~
I wish (that) I hadn't spent so much money yesterday.
I hope (that) he will have finished before we get back.
I hoped (that) he would have finished before we got back.
仮定法、はその内容によって使い方が違いますので、少し勉強しましょう。
~~~~~~
1) 多分、何々だろうとの推測で使われる(仮定の事柄では無いので現在形を使う)：
~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~
a)if 節の動詞は、現在形で、主節の動詞は未来形になります。例えば；
If he runs he'll get there in time probably.
The dog will bite you if you pull its tail.
この構文には、
b) if + present + future の代わりに、if + present + may / might (possibility)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
構文も使えます。例えば；
If the fog gets thicker, the plane may/ might not be diverted.
(divert= to change direction)
( = If the fog gets thicker, perhaps the plane will be diverted. )
If your documents are in order, you may/can leave at once.
If it stops raining, we can go out. ( permission or possibility)
若しくは、
c) if + present + must/ needn't / ought / should の構文もあります。例えば；
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If you want to lose your weight, you must /should eat less.
If you find to use chopsticks difficult, then you needn't use them.
If you meet John tomorrow, could you ask him to call me in the evening?
更に
d) if + present + another present tense ：は現実の事柄或いは習慣的な事柄に
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~
使われます。例えば；
If you heat ice it turns to water. （= will turn to water.)
If there is a shortage of a product, prices of the product go up.
2) if + present tense の代わりに、if + present continuous （現在進行形）を使うことも、
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
出来ます。例えば；
a) If you are waiting for a bus, you'd better join the queue.(= line of people)
If you're staying for another night,
I'll ask the manager to give you a better room.
b) if + present perfect （現在完了形）: 例えば；
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If you've finished dinner, I'll ask the waiter for the bill.
If you have written a letter, I'll post it.
3)
a) if 節の動詞が、過去形で、主節の動詞が would + 動詞になる場合、事実と違う
~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
もしそだとすれば、との事柄を表す(本来の仮定）例えば；
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
If I had a map, I would lend it to you.
( But, I haven't a map. 若し地図があれば貸すのに）
If somebody tried to blackmail me, I would tell the police.
( But I don't think that may happen.)
b) 想像が事実と逆である場合とか、に使われる構文です。（本来の仮定）。
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
例えば；
If I lived near my office, I would be in time for work.
( But I don't live near my office.)
If I were you, I'd plant trees round the house.
( Bu I am not you. )
或いは、ある事柄が起きない様に思うときに使われる(想像）。例えば；
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
If a burglar came into my house at night, I' scream.
( But I don't expect a burglar to come in.)
If I dyed my hair blue, everyone would laugh at me.
( But I don't dye my hair blue.)
4) ニュアンスの違いについて：
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
a) might / could が would の代わりに使われる事もある。例えば；
~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If you tried again, you would succeed. ( 間違いなく）
If you tried again, you might succeed. ( 多分)
If she had a permit, she could get a job.( 能力、可能性）
b) 現在形の変わりに、進行形が使われる事もある。例えば；
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~
Peter is on holiday; he is touring Italy.
~~~~~~~~~~
If I were on holiday, I would / might be touring Italy, too.
~~~~~~~~~~
5) if 節の動詞が過去完了形の場合：
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
a) 主節は would + have + 動詞の完了形が使われ、時制は過去で、
~~~~~~~~~~
if 節の事柄が起きなかった事を表す。例えば；
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport.
( But I didn't know, so I didn't come.)
b) could / might が would の代わりに使われる事もある。例えば；
~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life.( 能力）
If we had found him earlier, we might have saved his life. ( 可能性）
この場合でも、現在形の変わりに現在進行形が使われることもあります。例えば；
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I was wearing a seat belt.
If I hadn't been wearing one, I'd have been seriously injured.
6) will / would / should が if 節に使われる特殊な場合。
~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
a) 丁寧にお願いする場合。良く使われるので、覚えてください。例えば；
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If you will/ would wait a moment, I'll see if Mrs. Jones is free.
( Please wait.)
I would be very grateful if you would make the arrangements for me.
b) if + will / would 形は、全ての人称に使われ、しますとゆう意思を表します。
例えば；
If he'll listen to me, I'll be able to help him.
If you would tell me what you want to have for dinner, I'd cook it for you.
( But you are unwilling ？)
否定形の won't は、refuse" （拒否する）の意味で、使われます。例えば；
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If he won't listen to me, I can't help him. ( If he refuses to .... )
c) will の形は、少し違って、主張すればの意味になります。例えば；
If you will play the piano all night, no wonder the neighbours complain.
( If you insist on playing .... )
d) if + would like / care の語形は、if + want / wish の語形と同じ意味で
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
使われます。勿論、would を使わないで 文章にしても大体同じ意味になります。
例えば；
If you would like to come, I'll get a ticket for you.
（= If you like to come, I'll get a ticket for you.）
If he'd like to leave his car, her he can. ( leave it)
（= He can leave his car her, if he likes.）
e) これと違って、 if + should の語形を使うと、多少可能性が低い内容に
なります。例えば； ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If you should have any difficulty in getting a ticket,
you may ring this number.
又、この語形では、 if を省略する事も可能です。たとえば；
~~ ~~~~
= Should you have difficulty in getting a ticket, you ........ .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
